Measurement practices, conventionalism and geometry
Abstract
At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th, Henri Poincaré claimed that the application of non-Euclidean geometries to physics was possible, but that it would never be adequate. However, Albert Einstein applied non-Euclidean geometries in a way that seems to contradict Poincaré. With a brief reconstruction of Poincaré’s arguments and considering the history of Einstein’s inquiry about relativity, I show that the use of non-Euclidean geometries is motivated by considerations about measurement that are not considered by Poincaré’s conventionalism. I make use of the recent literature in philosophy of science about measurement practices to reevaluate this case. The study allows conclusions to be drawn about the need to adequately identify the decision mechanisms that operate in scientific practice.Downloads
References
Ben-Menahem, Yemina (2001), “Convention: Poincaré and some of his critics”,
The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, vol. 52, núm. 3, pp. 471-513.
Brown, Harvey R. (2005), Physical Relativity. Space-Time Structure from a Dynamical
Perspective, Oxford, UK, Oxford University Press.
Camp, Wesley Van (2011), “On kinematic versus dynamic approaches to special relativity”, Philosophy of Science, vol. 78, núm. 5, pp. 1097-1107.
Canales, Jimena (2015), The Physicist & the Philosopher. Einstein, Bergson, and the Debate that Changed our Understanding of Time, Nueva Jersey, Princeton University Press.
Canales, Jimena (2009), A Tenth of a Second: A History, Chicago, The University of
Chicago Press.
Chang, Hasok (2012), Is Water H2O? Evidence, Realism and Pluralism, Nueva York, Springer Netherlands.
Chang, Hasok (2004), Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress (Oxford Studies in Philosophy of Science) , Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
Einstein, Albert (2012 [c. 1922]), “The theory of relativity. Discussion remarks at a meeting of the Société Française de Philosophie”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (English Translation Supplement), vol. 13, doc. 131, Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 129-131.
Einstein, Albert (2005 [c. 1905]), “Sobre la electrodinámica de cuerpos en movimiento”, pp. 1-30, en [https://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/ciencias/jcuevas/Teaching/articulo-original.pdf], fecha de consulta: 27 de febrero de 2015
Einstein, Albert (2003 [c. 1949]), Notas autobiográficas, Madrid, Alianza Editorial.
Einstein, Albert, (2002 [c. 1921]). “Geometry and experience”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein
(English Translation Supplement) , vol. 7, doc. 52, Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 208-222.
Einstein, Albert (1987a [c. 1915]), “On the General Theory of Relativity”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (English Translation Supplement), vol. 6, doc. 21, Princeton University Press, pp. 98-107.
Einstein, Albert (1987b [c. 1915]), “Explanation of the perihelion motion of mercury from the General Theory of Relativity”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (English Translation Supplement), vol. 6, doc. 24, Princeton University Press, pp. 112-116.
Einstein, Albert (1987c [c. 1915]), “The field equation of gravitation”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (English Translation Supplement), vol. 6, doc. 25, Princeton, Princeton University Press, pp. 117-120.
Einstein, Albert (1987d [c. 1915]), “On the special and the General Theory of Relativity
(A popular account)”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (English Translation Supplement) , vol. 6, doc. 42, Princeton University Press, pp. 247-420.
Einstein, Albert (1987e [c. 1913]), “Outline of a generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. (English Translation Supplement), vol. 4, doc. 13, Princeton University Press, pp.151-188.
Einstein, Albert (1987f [c. 1907]), “On the relativity principle and the conclusions drawn from it”, en The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein. (English Translation Supplement), vol. 2, doc. 47, Princeton University Press, pp. 252-311.
Einstein, Albert (1982 [c. 1922]), “How I created the theory of relativity?”, Physics today, vol. 35, núm. 8, pp. 45-47.
Einstein, Albert (1970 [c. 1922]), The Meaning of Relativity, Princeton, Princeton University Press.
Friedman, Michel (2014), “Space, time, and geometry”, en Michel Janssen y Christoph Lehner (eds.), The Cambridge Companion to Einstein, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 398-420.
Galison, Peter (2005), Relojes de Einstein, mapas de Poincaré. Imperios del tiempo, Barcelona, Crítica.
Grünbaum, Adolf (1973), Philosophical Problems of the Space and Time, Dordrecht/Boston, D. Reidel Publishing Company.
Guillaumin, Godfrey (2016), Génesis de la medición celeste. Una historia cognitiva del crecimiento de la medición científica, México, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana.
Holton, Gerald (1969), “Einstein, Michelson, and the ‘crucial’ experiment”, Isis, vol. 60, núm. 2, pp. 132-197.
Hon, Giorin y Bernerd Goldstein (2005), “How Einstein made asymmetry disappear; symmetry and relativity in 1905”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 59, núm. 5, pp. 437-544.
Howard, Don (1993), “Was Einstein really a realist?”, Perspectives on Science, vol. 1, núm. 2, pp. 204-251.
Howard, Don (1984), “Realism and conventionalism in Einstein’s philosophy of science: The Einstein-Schlick correspondence”, Philosophia Naturalis, vol. 21, pp. 618-629.
Jammer, Max (1993), Concepts of Space. The History of Theories of Space in Physics, Nueva York, Dover Publications INC.
Janssen, Michel (2012), “No Success Like Failure [...]” Einstein’s Quest for General Relativity, 1907–1920, en The Cambridge Companion to Einstein, Michel Janssen y Christoph Lehner (eds.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 167-227.
Janssen, Michel, John D. Norton, Jürgen Renn, Tilman Sauer y John Stachel (2007), “Introduction to volumes 1 and 2: The Zurich notebook and the genesis of general relativity”, en Jürgen Ren (ed.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 1: Einstein’s Zurich Notebook: Introduction and Source, Nueva York/Berlín, Springer, pp. 7-20.
Janssen, Michel y Jürgen Renn, (2007), “Untying the knot: How Einstein found his way back to field equations discarded in the Zurich notebook”, en The Genesis of General Relativity Vol. 2, Jürgen Renn (ed.), Einstein’s Zurich Notebook: Introduction and Source, Nueva York/Berlín, Springer, pp. 839-925.
Mari, Luca (2003), “Epistemology of measurement”, Measurement, vol. 34, núm. 1, pp. 17-30.
Martínez, Sergio y Xiang Huang (2011), “Introducción. Hacia una filosofía de la ciencia centrada en prácticas”, en Sergio Martínez, Xiang Huang y Godfrey Guillaumin (eds.), Historia, prácticas y estilos en la filosofía de la ciencia. Hacía una epistemología plural, México, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana/Miguel Ángel Porrúa, pp. 5-63.
Norton, John D. (2004), “Einstein’s investigations of Galilean covariant electrodynamics prior to 1905”, Archive for History of Exact Sciences, vol. 59, núm. 1, pp. 45-105.
Norton, John D. (1984), “How Einstein found his field equations: 1912-1915”, Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, vol. 14, núm. 2, pp. 253-316.
Pais, Abrahem (2005 [c. 1982]), Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein, Nueva York, Oxford University Press.
Poincaré, Henri (2011 [c. 1905]), Science and Hypothesis, Nueva York, The Walter Scott Publishing Co., [https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37157/37157-pdf.pdf], fecha de consulta: 3 de febrero de 2016.
Poincaré, Henry (2007 [c.1906]), “On the dynamics of the electron”, en Jürgen Renn
(ed.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 3: Theories of Gravitation in the Twilight of Classical Physics, Dordrecht, Springer, pp. 253-271.
Poincaré, Henri (1913 [c. 1897]), “The measure of time”, en The Foundations of Science (The Value of Science), Nueva York, Science Press, pp. 222-234.
Putnam, Hilary (1975), “The refutation of conventionalism”, en Mind, Language and Reality Philosophical Papers, vol. 2: Hilary Putnam, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, pp. 153-191.
Reichenbach, Hans (1957), The Philosophy of Space and Time, Nueva York, Dover Publications inc.
Renn, Jürgen (2007), “Classical physics in disarray. The emergence of the riddle of gravitation”, en Jürgen Renn (ed.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 1: Einstein’s Zurich Notebook: Introduction and Source, Nueva York/Berlín, Springer, pp. 21-80.
Renn, Jürgen y Tilman Sauer (2007), “Pathways out of classical physics: Einstein’s double strategy in his search for the gravitational field equation”, en Jürgen Renn (ed.), The Genesis of General Relativity, vol. 1: Einstein’s Zurich Notebook: Introduction and Source, Nueva York/Berlín, Springer, pp. 113-312.
Soler, Léna (2008), “Introduction”, en Léna Soler, Howard Sankey y Paul Hoyningen-Huene (eds.), Rethinking Scientific Change and Theory Comparison: Stabilities, Ruptures, Incommensurabilities? , Dordrecht, Springer, pp. 1-17.
Stachel, John, (2007), “The first two acts”, en Jürgen Renn (ed.), The Genesis of General Relativity vol. 1. Einstein’s Zurich Notebook: Introduction and Source, Nueva York/Berlín, Springer, pp. 81-111.
Stachel, John (1980), “Einstein and the rigidly rotating disk”, en A. Held (ed.), General Relativity and Gravitation. One Hundred Years After the Birth of Albert Einstein vol. 1, Nueva York, Plenum Press, pp. 1-16.
Tal, Eran (2013), “Old and new problems in philosophy of measurement”, Philosophy Compass, vol. 8, núm. 12, pp. 1159-1173.
Van Fraassen, Bas C. (2008), Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective, Oxford, Oxford Clarendon Press.
Walter, Scott (1999), “The non-Euclidean style of Minkowski relativity”, en Jeremy Gray (ed.), The Symbolic Universe. Geometry and Physics 1890-1930, Nueva York, Oxford University Press, pp. 91-1.